Definition
Energy generation in stars
Nuclear fusion is the principal source of energy in stars and fusion can happen if each nucleus has sufficient kinetic energy to enable them to overcome their mutual repulsion, be captured by the strong nuclear force and stick together. In star formation,the kinetic energy to do this, comes from the conversion of gravitational energy into thermal energy by the Kelvin Helmholtz contraction. In the case of stars like the sun, fusion can occur when the temperature of the contracting cloud reaches about . It is fusion of hydrogen nuclei by thermonuclear fusion reactions with a release of binding energy that is the primary source of energy generation in stars.
Definition
Controlled thermonuclear reactions
The energy produced in thermonuclear reactions is extremely high but such reactions cannot be controlled. Another issue to consider in the controlled thermonuclear reaction is about containing it. The temperature of the hot plasma is so high that it cannot be in contact with any material. Therefore it has to be checked , but in such a way that there is no contact.There are a few ways to do this
- Magnetic Confinement used as particles are charged.
- Inertial Confinement rapid pulse dispensed to achieve required conditions.
- Gravitational Confinement found only in stars.
- Electrostatic Confinement confine ions using electrostatic field.
Definition
Define Roentgen
The radiation exposure is measured by the unit called roentgen (R). One roentgen is defined as the quantity of radiation which produces pairs of ion in gram of air.
Definition
Harmful effects of nuclear radiation
The biological effects of nuclear radiations are of three types:
1. Short term recoverable effects like diarrhoea, sore throat, loss of hair nausea, etc
2. Long term irrecoverable effects like leukemia and cancer
3. Genetic effects
1. Short term recoverable effects like diarrhoea, sore throat, loss of hair nausea, etc
2. Long term irrecoverable effects like leukemia and cancer
3. Genetic effects
Definition
Hazards of nuclear energy
and $$$$ radiations are all ionizing radiations. These radiations cause a change in the structure of molecules in cells and disturbs the normal functioning of the biological system. The extent to which the human organism is damaged depends upon:
1. The dose and the rate at which the radiation is given and
2. The part of the body exposed to it.
The damage may be either pathological or genetic.
1. The dose and the rate at which the radiation is given and
2. The part of the body exposed to it.
The damage may be either pathological or genetic.
Definition
Radioactive Waste Management
All radioactive waste must be bagged, labeled, and placed in the lab's designated waste accumulation area prior to requesting a waste collection. Solid and liquid waste containers, secondary containment, plastic bags, and radioactive waste labels are supplied by EH&S.
Solid radioactive waste must be separated and labeled as combustible (plastics, paper, etc.) or noncombustible (glass, metal, etc.) Uncommon combustible materials include aluminum foil and soil.
Liquid radioactive waste must be separated and labeled according to whether it is aqueous (miscible in water) or bears solvents. Liquid waste can contain a mix of radionuclides. Aqueous liquid waste containers require secondary containment
Solid radioactive waste must be separated and labeled as combustible (plastics, paper, etc.) or noncombustible (glass, metal, etc.) Uncommon combustible materials include aluminum foil and soil.
Liquid radioactive waste must be separated and labeled according to whether it is aqueous (miscible in water) or bears solvents. Liquid waste can contain a mix of radionuclides. Aqueous liquid waste containers require secondary containment
Definition
Safety precautions to be taken while handling radioactive substances
The people working with radioactive materials are required to follow strictly the safety rules given below:
1. They should put on special lead lined aprons and lead gloves.
2. They should handle the radioactive materials with long lead tongs.
3. The safety limit for each type of radiation is known therefore care must be taken to ensure that no one is exposed beyond the safety limit in any case.
4. The radioactive substance must be kept in thick lead containers with a very narrow opening, so as to stop radiations coming and going out to all directions.
1. They should put on special lead lined aprons and lead gloves.
2. They should handle the radioactive materials with long lead tongs.
3. The safety limit for each type of radiation is known therefore care must be taken to ensure that no one is exposed beyond the safety limit in any case.
4. The radioactive substance must be kept in thick lead containers with a very narrow opening, so as to stop radiations coming and going out to all directions.
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