Data Analysis for Biologists (English)

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Data Analysis for Biologists (English)

   Friday, August 28, 2026   

Starting a new Lecture Notes Series on Data Analysis for Biologists

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Lecture 1: Data Analysis for Biologists

Lecture 2: Lec 1: Rules of probability

Lecture 3: Lec 2: Discrete probability distribution

Lecture 4: Lec 3: Continuous probability distribution

Lecture 5: Lec 4: Moments: mean and variance

Lecture 6: Lec 5: Moments: variance and covariance

Lecture 7: Lec 6: Bayes theorem and likelihood

Lecture 8: Lec 7: Concept of statistical tests

Lecture 9: Lec 8: Vector and vector operations

Lecture 10: Lec 9: Matrix and matrix operations

Lecture 11: Lec 10: Determinant and Inverse of a matrix

Lecture 12: Lec 11: Eigenvalue and eigenvector

Lecture 13: Lec 12: Linear system of equations

Lecture 14: Lec 13: Singular value decomposition

Lecture 15: Lec 14: Getting ready with R

Lecture 16: Lec 15: Algebraic and logical operations in R

Lecture 17: Lec 16: Reading and writing data

Lecture 18: Lec 17: Statistics using R – descriptive statistics

Lecture 19: Lec 18: Statistics using R – t-test and ANOVA

Lecture 20: Lec 19: Linear algebra using R

Lecture 21: Lec 20: Scatter plot, Line plot & Bar plot

Lecture 22: Lec 21: Histogram & Box plot

Lecture 23: Lec 22: Heatmap and Volcano plot

Lecture 24: Lec 23: Network visualization

Lecture 25: Lec 24: Data visualization using ggplot2 - I

Lecture 26: Lec 25: Data visualization using ggplo2 - II

Lecture 27: Lec 26: Correlations

Lecture 28: Lec 27: Linear regression - I

Lecture 29: Lec 28: Linear regression - II

Lecture 30: Lec 29: Linear regression using R

Lecture 31: Lec 30: Multiple linear regression

Lecture 32: Lec 31: Multiple linear regression using R

Lecture 33: Lec 32: Nonlinear regression

Lecture 34: Lec 33: Nonlinear regression using R

Lecture 35: Lec 34: Clustering and classification

Lecture 36: Lec 35: Logistic regression

Lecture 37: Lec 36: Logistic regression using R

Lecture 38: Lec 37: Distance mesaures for clustering

Lecture 39: Lec 38: k-means clustering

Lecture 40: Lec 39: k-means clustering using R

Lecture 41: Lec 40: Hierarchical clustering

Lecture 42: Lec 41: Hierarchical clustering using R

Lecture 43: Lec 42: Decision tree classifier

Lecture 44: Lec 43: Support vector machines

Lecture 45: Lec 44: Higher-dimensional data in biology

Lecture 46: Lec 45: Principle component analysis

Lecture 47: Lec 46: Principle component analysis using R

Lecture 48: Lec 47: t-SNE

Lecture 49: Lec 48: t-SNE using R

Lecture 50: Lec 49: Diffusion maps

Unsaturated Soil Mechanics (English)

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Unsaturated Soil Mechanics (English)

   Tuesday, August 25, 2026   

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Lecture 1: Unsaturated Soil Mechanics

Lecture 2: Unsaturated Soil Mechanics

Lecture 3: Fundamental Aspects of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics and its Basic Principles

Lecture 4: Phases of Unsaturated Soils-I

Lecture 5: Phases of Unsaturated Soils-II

Lecture 6: Equilibrium between Air and Water Phases

Lecture 7: Capillary Phenomenon in Unsaturated Soils-I

Lecture 8: Capillary Phenomenon in Unsaturated Soils-II

Lecture 9: Summary: Fundamental Principles and Constitutive Relationships

Lecture 10: Concept of Water Retention and Soil Water Characteristics - I

Lecture 11: Concept of Water Retention and Soil Water Characteristics - II

Lecture 12: Lec 10: Hydraulic conductivity functions and determination of state variables

Lecture 13: Lec 11: Suction Mesauremnt/control Techniques - I

Lecture 14: Lec 12: Suction Mesauremnt/control Techniques - II

Lecture 15: Lec 13: Summary: Suction Measurement and Control Techniques

Lecture 16: Lec 14: HCF Determination

Lecture 17: Lec 15: SWCC and HCF Models

Lecture 18: Lec 16: HCF Modelling

Lecture 19: Lec 17: Fitting of SWCC & HCF modelling

Lecture 20: Lec 18: Pedo-transfer Functions (PTF)

Lecture 21: Lec 19: Steady-State Flow Through Soils

Lecture 22: Lec 20: Steady-State & Transient Flow

Lecture 23: Lec 21: Analytical Methods for Transient Flow-I

Lecture 24: Lec 22: Analytical Methods for Transient Flow - II

Lecture 25: Lec 23: Shear Strength of Unsaturated Soils

Lecture 26: Lec 24: Suction-Controlled Direct Shear Test

Lecture 27: Lec 25: Suction-Controlled Triaxial Test

Lecture 28: Lec 26: Extended M-C Criterion - I

Lecture 29: Lec 27: Extended M-C Criterion - II

Lecture 30: Lec 28: Extended M-C Criterion - III

Lecture 31: Lec 29: Concept of "Suction Stress"- I

Lecture 32: Lec 30: Concept of "Suction Stress"- II

Lecture 33: Lec 31: Concept of "Suction Stress"- III

Lecture 34: Lec 32: Summary: Shear Strength of Unsaturated Soils and Introduction to Volume Change

Lecture 35: Lec 33: Swelling Behaviour of Soils

Lecture 36: Lec 34: Estimation of Swelling Pressure in the Laboratory and Behaviour of Collapsible soil

Lecture 37: Lec 35: Volume Change Behaviour of Bentonite and Kaolin Clay

Lecture 38: Lec 36: Demonstration of Various Experiments Related to Unsaturaed Soil Mechanics

Introduction to Solidification Processing (English)

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Introduction to Solidification Processing (English)

   Tuesday, August 25, 2026   

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Solidification Processing

Lecture 2: Lec 1: Introduction to phase diagrams

Lecture 3: Lec 2: Thermodynamic relations

Lecture 4: Lec 3: Single component system and binary solutions

Lecture 5: Lec 4: Performance and Benchmarking

Lecture 6: Lec 5: Real solutions

Lecture 7: Lec 6: Phase transformations

Lecture 8: Lec 7: Practice problems (Module 1)

Lecture 9: Lec 8: Introduction to homogenous nucleation process

Lecture 10: Lec 9: Fundamental to heterogeneous nucleation

Lecture 11: Lec 10: Growth of pure metal

Lecture 12: Lec 11: Alloy solidification

Lecture 13: Lec 12: Formation of different S/L interface

Lecture 14: Lec 13: Solidifcation structures and segregation

Lecture 15: Lec 14: Weld Metal Solidification and Microstructure-I

Lecture 16: Lec 15: Weld Metal Solidification and Microstructure-II

Lecture 17: Lec 16: Solidification of additive manufacturing-I

Lecture 18: Lec 17: Solidification of additive manufacturing-II

Lecture 19: Lec 18: Rate of solidification-sand casting

Lecture 20: Lec 19: Rate of solidification-die casting

Lecture 21: Lec 20: Riser design and solidification of pure metal

Lecture 22: Lec 21: Zone melting and rapid solidification

Lecture 23: Lec 22: Semisolid processing and other solidification techniques

Lecture 24: Lec 23: Demonstration of the solidification process and numerical problems

Physical and Electrochemical Characterizations in Chemical Engineering (English)

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Physical and Electrochemical Characterizations in Chemical Engineering (English)

   Tuesday, August 25, 2026   

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Lecture 1: Physical and Electrochemical Characterizations in Chemical Engineering

Lecture 2: Lec 1: Introduction of Characterization Techniques- Part 1

Lecture 3: Lec 2: Introduction to Characterization Techniques- Part 2

Lecture 4: Lec 3: Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals

Lecture 5: Lec 4: Infrared Spectroscopy: IR Bands and Applications

Lecture 6: Lec 5: Infrared Spectrophotometer Instrumentation

Lecture 7: Lec 6: Raman Spectroscopy

Lecture 8: Lec 7: NMR: Concepts and Fundamentals

Lecture 9: Lec 8: Chemical Shifts

Lecture 10: Lec 9: Factors Affecting Chemical Shift and 2D NMR

Lecture 11: Lec 10: Physisorption: Surface Area and Pore Analysis

Lecture 12: Lec 11: Physisorption Measurements

Lecture 13: Lec 12: Chemisorption

Lecture 14: Lec 13: Surface Tension and its Measurement- Part 1

Lecture 15: Lec 14: Surface Tension and its Measurement- Part 2

Lecture 16: Lec 15: Interfacial Tension and its Application

Lecture 17: Lec 16: Interfacial Tension and Influence of Surface Curvature​

Lecture 18: Lec 17: Rheology: Fundamentals and Principles​

Lecture 19: Lec 18: Complex Fluids and their Properties​

Lecture 20: Lec 19: Rheology: Case Study on Hydrogel Synthesis

Lecture 21: Lec 20: Electron Spectroscopy for Surface Analysis​

Lecture 22: Lec 21: Quantification in XRF and XPS Spectroscopy​

Lecture 23: Lec 22: XPS Instrument and Application​

Lecture 24: Lec 23: Introduction to Electrochemical Characterization Techniques​

Lecture 25: Lec 24: Electrode Potential, Kinetics and Mass Transfer Resistance​

Lecture 26: Lec 25: Voltammetry and Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge

Parallel Computer Architecture (English)

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Parallel Computer Architecture (English)

   Monday, August 24, 2026   

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Lecture 1: Parallel Computer Architecture

Lecture 2: Lec 1: Why do we need parallel architecture ?

Lecture 3: Lec 2: Multicore Revolution

Lecture 4: Lec 3: What is Parallel Architecture?

Lecture 5: Lec 4: Performance and Benchmarking

Lecture 6: Lec 5: Reporting Results

Lecture 7: Lec 6: Some Laws

Lecture 8: Lec 7: A shift from sequential to parallel

Lecture 9: Lec 8: Programming Models

Lecture 10: Lec 9: Shared Memory Paradigm

Lecture 11: Lec 10: Message Passing Paradigm

Lecture 12: Lec 11: Examples

Lecture 13: Lec 12: Cache Basics

Lecture 14: Lec 13: Memory hierarchy questions (1)

Lecture 15: Lec 14: Memory hierarchy questions (2)

Lecture 16: Lec 15: Six basic cache optimisations (1)

Lecture 17: Lec 16: Six basic cache optimisations (2)

Lecture 18: Lec 17: Virtual Memory (1)

Lecture 19: Lec 18: Virtual Memory (2)

Lecture 20: Lec 19: Cache Coherence Problem

Lecture 21: Lec 20: Concept of Serialisation

Lecture 22: Lec 21: Coherence related Conditions

Lecture 23: Lec 22: Types of Coherence Protocols (1)

Lecture 24: Lec 23: Types of Coherence Protocols (2)

Lecture 25: Lec 24: VI Protocol

Lecture 26: Lec 25: 3 state: MSI Protocol

Lecture 27: Lec 26: MESI Protocol

Lecture 28: Lec 27: Dragon Protocol

Lecture 29: Lec 28: Coherence misses

Lecture 30: Lec 29: Coherence misses example

Lecture 31: Lec 30: Correctness Requirements

Lecture 32: Lec 31: Single-Level caches with an Atomic Bus (1)

Lecture 33: Lec 32: Single-Level caches with an Atomic Bus (2)

Lecture 34: Lec 33: Multi-Level caches with an Atomic Bus (1)

Lecture 35: Lec 34: Multi-Level caches with an Atomic Bus (2)

Lecture 36: Lec 35: Split transaction Bus

Lecture 37: Lec 36: Phases in Split Transaction Bus

Lecture 38: Lec 37: Request table and Organization

Lecture 39: Lec 38: Path of a Cache Miss

Lecture 40: Lec 39: Multi-Level cache + Split transaction Bus

Lecture 41: Lec 40: Introduction to Directory Cache Coherence

Lecture 42: Lec 41: Basic Operation of a Directory

Lecture 43: Lec 43: Directory Overhead Optimisations

Lecture 44: Lec 44: Directory Protocol optimisations

Lecture 45: Lec 45:Proving Correctness (1)

Lecture 46: Lec 46: Proving Correctness (2)

Lecture 47: Lec 42: Directory Organisations

Lecture 48: Lec 47: SGI Origin Architecture

Lecture 49: Lec 48: Working of protocol

Lecture 50: Lec 49: Correctness Issues

Lecture 51: Lec 50: Sequent NUMA-Q Architecture

Lecture 52: Lec 51: Working of protocol(1)

Lecture 53: Lec 52: Working of protocol (2)

Lecture 54: Lec 53: Correctness and Protocol Interaction

Lecture 55: Lec 54: Sequential Consistency

Lecture 56: Lec 55: Implications of Sequential Consistency

Lecture 57: Lec 56: Relaxed Consistency Models (1)

Lecture 58: Lec 57: Relaxed Consistency Models (2)

Lecture 59: Lec 58: Relaxing all Orders

Lecture 60: Lec 59: Uninterruptible Instructions

Lecture 61: Lec 60: Implementation of atomic instructions

Lecture 62: Lec70: Other synchronisation options

Lecture 63: Lec 71: Interconnect Overview

Lecture 64: Lec 72: Topologies

Lecture 65: Lec 73: Routing

Lecture 66: Lec 74: Flow Control

Multi-Core Computer Architecture (English)

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Multi-Core Computer Architecture (English)

   Monday, August 24, 2026   

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Lecture 1: Multi-Core Computer Architecture

Lecture 2: Lec 1: Review of Basic Computer Organization

Lecture 3: Lec 2: Instruction Set and Addressing Modes

Lecture 4: Lec 3: Instruction Encoding

Lecture 5: Lec 4: Performance Evaluation Methods

Lecture 6: Lec 5: Tutorial on Performance Evaluvation

Lecture 7: Lec 6: Introduction to RISC Instruction Pipeline

Lecture 8: Lec 7: Instruction Pipeline Hazards

Lecture 9: Lec 8: Tutorial on Instruction Pipeline and Hazards

Lecture 10: Lec 9: Control Hazards and Branch Prediction

Lecture 11: Lec 10: MIPS Pipeline for Multi-Cycle Operations

Lecture 12: Lec 11: Tutorial on Longer Pipeline and Branch Prediction

Lecture 13: Lec 12: Compiler Techniques to Explore ILP

Lecture 14: Lec 13: Dynamic Scheduling to Explore ILP

Lecture 15: Lec 14: Dynamic Scheduling with Tomasulo’s Algorithm

Lecture 16: Lec 15: Dynamic Scheduling with Speculative Execution

Lecture 17: Lec 16: Tutorial on Static and Dynamic Scheduling

Lecture 18: Lec 17: Advanced Pipelining & Superscalar Processors

Lecture 19: Lec 18: Introduction to GPU architectures

Lecture 20: Lec 19: Case study on GPU architectures

Lecture 21: Lec 20: Tutorial on Superscalar processors and GPU

Lecture 22: Lec 21: Introduction to Cache Memory

Lecture 23: Lec 22: Block Replacement Techniques & Write Strategy

Lecture 24: Lec 23: Design Concepts in Cache Memory

Lecture 25: Lec 24: Optimization Techniques in Cache Memory

Lecture 26: Lec 25: Advanced Cache Optimization Techniques

Lecture 27: Lec 26: Tutorial on Advanced Concepts in Cache Memory -1

Lecture 28: Lec 27: Tutorial on Advanced Concepts in Cache Memory -2

Lecture 29: Lec 28: Cache coherence and memory consistency

Lecture 30: Lec 29: Design Space for snooping protocols

Lecture 31: Lec 30: Directory Based Cache coherehce

Lecture 32: Lec 31: Cache coherence in multiprocessor design [T]

Lecture 33: Lec 32: Introduction to DRAM System

Lecture 34: Lec 33: DRAM Controllers & Address Mapping

Lecture 35: Lec 34: Secondary Storage Systems

Lecture 36: Lec 35: Design Concepts in Storage Systems

Lecture 37: Lec 36: Introduction to Tiled Chip Multicore Processors

Lecture 38: Lec 37: Routing Techniques in Network On Chip

Lecture 39: Lec 38: Network On Chip Router Micro-Architecture

Lecture 40: Lec 39: Concepts in Network on Chip

Lecture 41: Lec 40: Energy Efficient Bufferless NoC Routers

Lecture 42: Lec 41: Sidebuffered Deflection Routers

Lecture 43: Lec 42: Concepts in Deflection Routers [T]

Lecture 44: Lec 43: QoS of NoC and Caches in TCMP Systems

Lecture 45: Lec 44: Emerging Trends in Network On Chips

Lecture 46: Lec 45: Domain Specific Accelarators

Lecture 47: Lec 46: Introduction to VEGA Microprocessors (Case Study)

Lecture 48: Lec 47: Concepts in TCMP Systems

Lecture 49: Lec 48: How to Explore Computer Architecture?

Quantum Technology and Quantum Phenomena in Macroscopic Systems (English)

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Quantum Technology and Quantum Phenomena in Macroscopic Systems (English)

   Sunday, August 23, 2026   

Starting a new Lecture Notes Series on Quantum Technology and Quantum Phenomena in Macroscopic Systems

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Lecture 1: Quantum Technology and Quantum Phenomena in Macroscopic Systems

Lecture 2: Lec 1: Introduction and Basic Quantum Mechanics

Lecture 3: Lec 2: Problem Solving Session-1

Lecture 4: Lec 3: Two-level System- I

Lecture 5: Lec 4: Bloch Sphere: Supplementary Lecture I

Lecture 6: Lec 5: Two-level Systems- II

Lecture 7: Lec 6: Two-level System: III

Lecture 8: Lec 7: Dressed States;Introduction to Density Matrix

Lecture 9: Lec 8: Problem Solving Session-2

Lecture 10: Lec 9: Density-matrix formalism

Lecture 11: Lec 10: Quantum Harmonic Oscillators

Lecture 12: Lec 11: Quantization of Electromagnetic Radiation

Lecture 13: Lec 12: Quantization of Standing EM Waves;Quantum States of Radiation Fields-I

Lecture 14: Lec 13: Problem Solving Session-3

Lecture 15: Lec 14: Quantum States of Radiation Fields-II: Squeezed States

Lecture 16: Lec 15: Problem Solving Session-4

Lecture 17: Lec 16: Introduction and Basics of Superconductivity

Lecture 18: Lec 17: Cooper Pair Box as TLS;Introduction to Transmission Line

Lecture 19: Lec 18: Quantization of Transmission Line-I

Lecture 20: Lec 19: Quantization of Transmission Line-II

Lecture 21: Lec 20: The Jaynes Cummings Model- I

Lecture 22: Lec 21: Problem Solving Session-5

Lecture 23: Lec 22: The Jaynes Cummings Model-II

Lecture 24: Lec 23: Josephson Junctions-I

Lecture 25: Lec 25: Problem Solving Session-6

Lecture 26: Lec 26: Transmon;Introduction to Dissipation in Quantum Systems

Lecture 27: Lec 27: Quantum Master Equation

Lecture 28: Lec 28: Pure dephasing and Dissipative Bloch Equations

Lecture 29: Lec 29: Derivation of Fermi-Golden Rules

Lecture 30: Lec 24: Josephson Junctions-II

Lecture 31: Lec 30: Introduction to Cavity Optomechanics;Fabry-Perot Cavity

Lecture 32: Lec 31: Cavity Optomechaics: Basic Physics-I

Lecture 33: Lec 32: Problem Solving Session-7

Lecture 34: Lec 33: Cavity Optomechanics: Basic Physics-II

Lecture 35: Lec 34: Classical Regime-I

Lecture 36: Lec 35: Classical Regime-II; Classical Langevin Equation

Lecture 37: Lec 36: Problem Solving Session-8

Lecture 38: Lec 37: Langevin Equation

Lecture 39: Lec 38: Quantum Langevin Noise

Lecture 40: Lec 39: Problem Solving Session-9

Lecture 41: Lec 40: Input-Output Relation

Lecture 42: Lec 41: Cavity Quantum Optomechanics

Lecture 43: Lec 42: Linearized Cavity Optomechanics; Ground state cooling

Lecture 44: Lec 43: Normal-Mode Splitting

Lecture 45: Lec 44: Quantum Optomechanics: Squeezed States

Computer Graphics (English)

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Computer Graphics (English)

   Thursday, August 20, 2026   

Starting a new Lecture Notes Series on Computer Graphics

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Lecture 1: Computer Graphics

Lecture 2: Lec 1: Introduction to graphics

Lecture 3: Lec 2: Historical evolution, issues and challenges

Lecture 4: Lec 3: Basics of a graphics system

Lecture 5: Lec 4: Introduction to 3D graphics pipeline

Lecture 6: Lec 5: Introduction and overview on object representation techniques

Lecture 7: Lec 6 :Various Boundary Representation Techniques

Lecture 8: Lec 7: Spline representation – I

Lecture 9: Lec 8: Spline representation – II

Lecture 10: Lec 9: Space representation methods

Lecture 11: Lec 10: Introduction to modeling transformations

Lecture 12: Lec 11: Matrix representation and composition of transformations

Lecture 13: Lec 12: Transformations in 3D

Lecture 14: Lec 13: Color computation – basic idea

Lecture 15: Lec 14: Simple lighting model

Lecture 16: Lec 15: Shading models

Lecture 17: Lec 16: Intensity mapping

Lecture 18: Lec 17: Color models and texture synthesis

Lecture 19: Lec 18: View transformation

Lecture 20: Lec 19: Projection transformation

Lecture 21: Lec 20: Windows-to-viewport transformation

Lecture 22: Lec 21: Clipping introduction and 2D point and line clipping

Lecture 23: Lec 22: 2D fill-area clipping and 3D clipping

Lecture 24: Lec 23: Hidden surface removal – I

Lecture 25: Lec 24: Hidden surface removal – II

Lecture 26: Lec 25: Scan conversion of basic shapes – I

Lecture 27: Lec 26: Scan conversion of basic shapes – II

Lecture 28: Lec 27: Fill area and character scan conversion

Lecture 29: Lec 28: Anti-aliasing techniques

Lecture 30: Lec 29: Graphics I/O Devices

Lecture 31: Lec 30: Introduction to GPU and Shaders

Lecture 32: Lec 31: Programming with OpenGL

Lecture 33: Lec 32: Concluding remarks

Laser Based Manufacturing (English)

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Laser Based Manufacturing (English)

   Thursday, August 20, 2026   

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Lecture 1: Laser Based Manufacturing

Lecture 2: Lec 1: Lasers in Manufacturing: Importance and Applications

Lecture 3: Lec 2: Fundamentals of Laser Technology

Lecture 4: Lec 3: Laser System: Construction and Types

Lecture 5: Lec 4 : Principle of Operation, Types of Laser Cutting, and Kerf Geometry

Lecture 6: Lec 5 : Types of Lasers in Material Removal, Process and Performance Parameters

Lecture 7: Lec 6 : A Case-study on Cutting a Circular Part using CO2 Laser Machine

Lecture 8: Lec 7 : Mechanisms of Laser Welding Part-I

Lecture 9: Lec 8 : Mechanisms of Laser Welding Part-II

Lecture 10: Lec 9: Effects of Process Parameters during Laser Welding and Study of Defects in Weld Beads

Lecture 11: Lec 10: A Case Study on Welding of Mild Steel Sheets using 2.5 kW CO2 Laser Machine

Lecture 12: Lec 11: Material Forming and Fundamentals of Laser Forming

Lecture 13: Lec 12: Mechanisms of Laser Forming

Lecture 14: Lec 13: Process Parameters and their Effects on the Performance of Laser Forming

Lecture 15: Lec 14: Surface Treatment and Application of Lasers

Lecture 16: Lec 15: Laser Surface Hardening

Lecture 17: Lec 16: Laser Surface Alloying

Lecture 18: Lec 17: Laser Cladding

Lecture 19: Lec 18: Additive Manufacturing Techniques

Lecture 20: Lec 19: Laser Scanning Stereolithography

Lecture 21: Lec 20: Selective Laser Sintering and Selective Laser Melting

Lecture 22: Lec 21: Process and Performance Parameters of Laser Based Additive Manufacturing Techniques

Lecture 23: Lec 22: Lasers in Manufacturing Automation

Lecture 24: Lec 24: CAD for Laser Based Manufacturing

Lecture 25: Lec 23: CNC for Laser Based Manufacturing

Lecture 26: Lec 25: Laser-assisted Material Forming

Lecture 27: Lec 26: Effect of Coatings, 3D Laser Forming and Micro-forming

Lecture 28: Lec 27: Laser Induced Plasma Assisted Ablation

Lecture 29: Lec 28: Laser Based Rock Drilling

Lecture 30: LEc 29: Laser Based Garment Processing